The Insanity Plea essays

The Insanity Plea papers On the planet today, there are numerous intellectually uneven people, the individuals who cannot avoid certain driving forces because of their intellectual ability. Individuals who cannot decide directly from off-base or even individuals who can't control their own self. A portion of these individuals can be delegated crooks. They have planned something inadmissible for society. How are these individuals judged? Is it reasonable for consider them answerable and look to rebuff them? The courts in totally socialized countries have acknowledged that the individuals who are crazy can't be dealt with equivalent to a normal wrongdoer. This view has brought about what we know today as The Insanity Plea. Wrongdoers who are genuinely unequal can be seen not as liable of a wrongdoing by reason of craziness. This is left to address, what comprises of a really intellectually uneven human? Numerous Americans feel normal or somewhat uneven guilty parties utilize the supplication too without any pr oblem. The request is the not out of the question method of equity for the intellectually unequal, yet stricter guidelines and guidelines ought to be surveyed to forestall maltreatment of the supplication. In antiquated social orders, an individual was decided whether they carried out the wrongdoing or not. You were liable or not liable exclusively on the realities of the case. In the mid thirteenth century, the craziness request got known to the world. The ruler would concede exculpations to the individuals who were intellectually deficient and they would not need to carry out a jail punishment or be executed . Little was thought about dysfunctional behaviors and issues emerged on the level of craziness. The English thought of a request of total frenzy, with an effective supplication the respondent would be liberated from all charges. Total franticness was a very broad principle; accordingly the English precedent-based law was made. This idea, the capacity to decide directly from wrong, was the fundamental rule in making a decision about craziness cases. In 1843, the death endeavor on British Prime Minister Robert Peel was the first run through the madness protection was utilized in a notable politic... <!

I Am the Messenger free essay sample

Kennedy is a character that portrays numerous properties wherein give him an existence of isolation and feeling that there is no reason throughout everyday life. Be that as it may, with one occasion Kennedy’s life changes into an existence of direction, an actual existence loaded with experience, and a real existence wherein he generally needed. Kennedy was an underneath normal young person with a sorry future since he was a secondary school drop out. Being an underage cabdriver it gave him enough cash to endure however insufficient to carry on with a sumptuous way of life that each youngster needs to live. In the end he would see this and Kennedy would waited in an existence without reason. One day in his common life Ed Kennedy chooses to go to the bank without realizing that this occasion would transform him. Kennedy would be in a bank theft, not as burglarizing the bank however as an honest individual, and would be held at gunpoint commonly for not keeping his mouth shut. We will compose a custom article test on I Am the Messenger or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The looter in the long run requests someone’s key and Kennedy without knowing would spare the theft from this activity. The burglar went to get the vehicle however didn’t realize that it would not work as of now. By giving him the keys to an old beat down vehicle the looter couldn't get away and in the long run Kennedy would get the firearm that the burglar would leave at the ground and hold him at weapon point until the police came to capture the looter. With this single occasion Kennedy’s life would change and would be brimming with reason; along these lines, making it a significant piece of the subject. After the bank theft Kennedy would be everywhere throughout the papers in view of his alleged valor. Not long after his brave day see he would get an Ace of spades with a rundown of names on the card. Rather than imagining that this card was a message Kennedy accepting it as a commitment to discover these individuals and help. The primary task was in the night at Edgar Street, this is a sudden occasion from multiple points of view. At his first task Kennedy didn't have a clue what's in store since he had done nothing of this sort previously. At Edgar Street Ed Kennedy would watch a man assaulting his significant other however would not realize how to respond and would ask himself who is giving him these assignments. Later assignments would come and Kennedy as a character would advance from a noninterventionist into a saint that would help other people. Kennedy would engage the individuals in his assignments to change and would increase a reason in life that both the assignments and him generally needed. The topic of this novel is to discover a reason in your life and to strive constantly to discover it regardless of what the conditions are. In the novel I am the Messenger Ed Kennedy is carrying on with an existence without reason and simply enduring. However, by doing every task with much charm Kennedy rouses numerous to endeavor to turn out to be better; in this manner, making the general public around him a superior spot to live in. At the point when Kennedy at long last discovered his motivation he discovered that a few assignments would be straightforward while others would be excruciating to experience, which he had never experienced in light of the fact that he carried on with an existence of detachment. At last this novel, I am the Messenger, can identify with numerous individuals, which can persuade individuals to discover a reason throughout everyday life. Despite the fact that the assignments were distinctively cruel it portrays a point that everybody can gain from. Living in segregation doesn't hurt anybody aside from yourself however once you carry on with an actual existence loaded with noble cause and reason one can encounter life in a positive manner. By carrying on with an existence with these traits Ed Kennedy advanced into a character that charms his assignments into making the right decision. The topic of the novel educates to discover a reason in our lives with the goal that we can carry on with a real existence brimming with satisfaction even in the hours of dimness.

Semester II v. hosed

Semester II v. hosed You know you’re hosed when it takes you a week after classes start to write about your classes. Seriously, look at this mess. (Realistically, it looks more like this because who even goes to all of their classes? Definitely not me I decided to write this post right after I decided I wasn’t going to attend any of my Monday classes) Sophomore Standing If you’re scratching your head and wondering how exactly MIT is allowing me to take this many classes, it’s because I accepted early sophomore standing, which gets rid of the 57 unit credit limit that second semester freshmen normally have. Basically, to get sophomore standing, you have to have 96 units of credit by the end of first semester, have completed 25% of your GIRs, and have taken one CI-H/HW class. Somewhere between 25-30% of freshmen are offered sophomore standing, but I’d estimate that the percentage that actually accept is probably closer to 10-15%. There are a lot of reasons to accept/not accept sophomore standing (this Tech article goes over them in more detail than I will if you’re interested in learning more), but I personally accepted it because I want to get 18.03 (Differential Equations) out of the way before sophomore year. I’m still on the fence on whether I want to double major in math or be a 6-2 instead of a 6-3, and 18.03 happens to be a requiremen t for both of those options, so hopefully it’ll help me figure out what I want to do with my life. If I get through the semester without dropping the class, that is… Classes 6.036 Intro to Machine Learning: I’m pretty excited for this class, both for the material and because I have a lot of friends taking it with me. I also really like the way the class is structured essentially, I go to lecture Tuesday morning and learn the material for the week, then go to lab hours in the afternoon and work through a sizeable chunk of the pset. In other words, I don’t have to spend that much time outside of class on homework, which is everything I could ask for from a class this semester. 6.006 Intro to Algorithms: I’m taking this class on Sophomore Exploratory (one of the benefits of getting sophomore standing is that you can get this status early), which basically means that if I do bad in the class, it won’t appear on my transcript. 6.006 is notorious for having time consuming psets that involve a lot of algorithm analysis and proof writing, but it’s also a required class for my major, so I’m going to do my best and hope for the best. 8.02 Physics II (Electricity and Magnetism): Every time I attend this class, I’m reminded of just how much EM I’ve forgotten since I took it in high school. I’m terrible at understanding concepts in this class (you can see a ball rolling down a ramp in mechanics, but you can’t see an electron whizzing around in space in EM), but it’s been pretty easy so far, so I’m going to keep my fingers crossed. 18.03 Differential Equations: For whatever reason, MIT smiled upon 18.03 students this semester and assigned Bjorn Poonen (this guy) as our lecturer. 18.03 is one of those huge classes where you need to work up a lot of motivation to go to lecture, and having a good lecturer is basically what makes or breaks the class. I’ve enjoyed all the lectures I’ve attended so far, and I think that’s going to make the class a lot easier for me. 6.0001 Intro to CS Programming in Python: I’m awful at programming under a time limit, so I unfortunately failed the ASE for this class at the beginning of the year. 6.0001 is technically a prerequisite for all Course 6 classes (even though most of Course 6 doesn’t *really* care about prerequisites shh, you didn’t hear that from me), so I sadly have to get it out of the way. But since I don’t attend lecture or recitation, the class is basically just a mild annoyance to me at this point. CMS.840 Literature and Film: I didn’t get into the CMS class I wanted for this semester (a lot of them are lottery only, so the best thing to do is to preregister for a bunch of them and hope you get into one), so I wound up in this class instead. I’m definitely not complaining, though literature analysis is the only thing I actually claim I’m good at, and reading books is a good break from the endless numbers and equations that my technical classes so kindly provide me with. Im also currently unsure if Im enrolled for the graduate version of this class or notI should probably figure that out :P Fencing I don’t know if I’ve ever talked about fencing in depth on the blogs before (something to do with NCAA rules and regulations), but since Taylor has blogged about basketball, I figured it’s probably okay. The cool thing is that I had never fenced a day in my life before getting to MIT I actually got recruited from the saber fencing PE class here. I’m still not what anybody would consider good, but I’ve definitely improved a considerable amount since the beginning of the year. I also enjoy it a lot, even though it’s 10 hours of practice a week for those of you who are familiar with how saber fencing works, it’s very fast and action packed and strangely well-suited to a small, angry person like me.   Me scoring a touch! Yayay Petey commented on this me, lying on the floor, existentially exhausted after dealing with all of your content, which is pretty accurate (pc. Sasha Galitsky) The fencing season is coming to an end, so IAP was pretty packed with practices in preparation for all of the meets crammed into January and February. This definitely sounds like a lot, and it is a lot, but I’m a bit sad that the season is ending. Fencing gives a lot of structure to my day, and once I lose that, I will most likely revert to an unnatural sleep schedule and a very screwed up meal schedule. I’m going to try to keep some sort of exercise routine going after the season ends, but like most things that I plan for, this may not actually end up happening. A Cappella I finally did the thing and joined an a cappella group over IAP! I’ve always really liked to sing, but I never had time for it in high school, so I’m glad that I finally worked up the courage to audition in college. Singing is the best form of stress release for me, and that’s something I’m really going to need this semester.   The MIT Ohms! Thats me third from the right :) I’m currently on break from a cappella until the fencing season ends, but I’m excited to get back together with my friends and sing at the top of my lungs. UROP I have a really cool UROP at the Scalable Cooperation group at the Media Lab this semester after a semester of fangirling over the Media Lab, I finally made it in :,) My work involves a lot of the stuff I learned in 6.008 (Intro to Inference) last semester, and even though I wasn’t a fan of the class, it’s cool to apply the material I learned outside the classroom. Miscellaneous Life is short/long, and either way, you’re best off spending your time doing things that you care strongly about. Over the past few months, one of the things I’ve realized that I care about is my dorm, East Campus. I’ve said this on the blogs many times and I’ll keep saying it, but East Campus is by far the best part of my MIT experience, and I’m always going to be grateful that I found such an amazing group of people to live with. So over the past few weeks, I’ve been learning about “joining the swamp” (running for dorm government positions) and have attended a couple of dormwide meetings. Governing is hard, and governing a dorm like East Campus is even harder, but I’ve realized that if I’m going to put my energy and frustration into being involved in anything, I’d want it to be East Campus. I may not reemerge on the blogs again for a while this semester, so until then, wish me luck. Post Tagged #18.03 Differential Equations #6.0001 #6.006 #6.036 #8.02 Physics II: Electricity and Magnetism #a cappella #East Campus #Fencing #MIT Media Lab #MIT Ohms #PE

Benifits of Foreign Travel - 1674 Words

Specific Purpose: To inform my audience of the benefits of traveling to other cultures. Title: Another Life Thesis/Central Idea Sentence: It’s very important and beneficial to take care of ourselves physically, mentally, and spiritually, but few ever think to use traveling as a tool to assist in the restoration of all three. Introduction: [Attention Getter] Taking a vacation is on everybody’s to do list but according to a study conducted by the Families and Work Institute only about half of Americans use their full 2 weeks of vacation each year. [Motivate audience to listen] I found this odd, but when I examined my own life I found I haven’t taken an actual vacation in over 10 years. [Credibility]It just something I’ve always seemed†¦show more content†¦Unless, you’re a beer or soda connoisseur wishing to try some of the local but undiscovered to â€Å"you† refreshments. Towards the end of the day you may finish a bottle or two of wine, but in your defense†¦ One, you’re in a new country representing America and you wouldn’t want to be rude. Two, wine itself in reasonable quantities is actually good for the blood stream therefore good for your heart so â€Å"BAME, Double Whammy†! Three, what better way to socialize with locals or other fellow tourist than over a couple glasses of wine or beer under a star lit canopy dinning â€Å"Alfresco†? II. Next we will discuss a couple of the mental benefits that you will become aware of throughout the trip. A. So, First in order to begin this awesome adventure it is absolutely crucial to learn this one lesson about vacation otherwise you should’ve stayed home and burnt every dollar you spent for this trip. So here is the first mental benefit of going on vacation. It’s learning how to actually take a vacation! The very first thing we must learn is actually the most difficult we must be honest and true to ourselves that we are on vacation for the sake of nothing more than our own well being and revitalization. With that being said we must let go of our old lives if only for the week or two we are on vacation. 1. So first, it’s absolutely important not to work, discuss work or think about work even as a secondShow MoreRelatedThe Scope Size and Diversity of Hospitality Industry Essay689 Words   |  3 Pagessectors had also shown a strong growth. * Estimated,400,000 jobs in hotels and related services. * 1.26m jobs in restaurant. * 750,00 contract catering and in-hous catering jobs. * 20,000 jobs in event management *  £7.4bn of foreign exchange export earnings. The restaurant industries produce the most income which is not beneficial to other industries when staff and other fixed costs are taken into consideration , £47.53 contributed for each hour worked. £121.44 per hour in gamblingRead MoreNuclear Power1943 Words   |  8 Pagesand particulates generated during power generation† (U.S. Energy Information Administration, n.d.). Aside from environmental benefits, the dependence on non-petroleum means of power generation allows the United States to reduce its dependence on foreign oil. The United States is an energy hungry nation. 20% of the United States constant demand for electricity is generated from nuclear power (World Nuclear Association, 2011). If all the nuclear power plants were turned off tomorrow nearly one inRead MoreSMART Notes ACCA P6 2015 40 pages 30111 Words   |  121 Pagessubscriptions to professional bodies ï‚ · Contribution to occupational pension scheme. ï‚ · Gift aid donations/payment to charity under ï‚ · Capital Allowances in respect of equipment payroll deduction scheme. which is being used in employment. ï‚ · Qualifying travel expenses. Normal workplace X Home 3 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 4 √ √ Temporary workplace = ≠¤24 months EXEMPT BENEFITS Free or subsidized meals if available to all employees. Provision of parking space at or near place of work. Workplace childcareRead MoreCapital Budgeting22653 Words   |  91 Pages61 Yr. 3 50.00 20.00 30.00 10.20 19.80 39.80 9. Total P.V. of Cash Inflows = 160.621 = 100.621 As Project â€Å"A† has a higher Net Present Value, it has to be taken up. Merits (1) It recognises the Time Value of Money. (2) It considers total benifits during the entire life of the Project. (3) This is applicable in case of mutually exclusive Projects. (4) Since it is based on the assumptions of cash flows, it helps in determining Shareholders Wealth. 119 Fianancial Management international

Effective Communication in Groups and Teams - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2918 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? 1.0 Introduction Based on my research on the topic of differences between teams and groups,i have learned that team members work jointly toward one common goal and share responsibility for the teams achievements. A group is made up of 2 or more individuals in which share common interests as well as characteristics, and its members identify with each other due to be able to similar attributes.Next is using the communication process model which managers ensure effective communication within teams.Some of the method i have used to carry out the research are as following through observation, online search, and book references. In these segment of my research, I had learned that how the organisation do their negotiation.Regarding to the topic of research there also found the factors which consider to ensure a successful outcome negotiation for teams and groups.The references i used in section is through searching website and book references. 2.0 Differences Be tween Teams And Groups. Some people used what team and group interchangeably, but you will find a variety of differences involving a team and a group in real world applications. Quite a few leadership courses intended for the corporate world stress benefit of team building, not group building, as an illustration. A teams strength is dependent upon the commonality of purpose and inter connectivity involving individual users, whereas a new groups strength will come from absolute volume or even willingness to carry out a sole leaders directions. It is often much much better to form a bunch than a new team. In case you had a location filled using professional accountants, for instance, they could possibly be grouped based on gender, encounter, fields of expertise, grow older, or additional common components. Forming a bunch based on the certain commonality is just not particularly complicated, although the potency of the groups can be variable. A groups public dynamics can cover a nything from complete compatibility to perform intolerance, which may make consensus building very hard for a new leader. The team, however, can be a lot more difficult to create. Members of a team can be selected with regards to complementary knowledge, not a single commonality. An enterprise team may include things like an accountant, a new salesman, a company executive and a secretary, for instance. Each member of the team features a purpose and a function within just that workforce, so the complete success is dependent upon a well-designed interpersonal vibrant. There is generally much less room for conflict as soon as working being a team. The success of a group is often measured by means of its effects, not necessarily the process used to arrive at these results. Tubbs (2001) state that a group may use equal elements discussion, argumentation and peer pressure to steer individual users towards a new consensus(p41). A trial run jury could well be an illustration of this a group for action, not a new team. This foreperson represents the management role, looking to turn 11 additional opinions into one unanimous choice. Since your jury users usually have no idea one one more personally, there may be rarely a feat to build a team vibrant. The choice process for any verdict is a result of group assistance. According to Coile (2002) stated that a workforce, by comparison, does not rely on groupthink to arrive at it is conclusions. An car accident investigation team could well be an illustration of this a real world team vibrant. Each member of the workforce is assigned to guage one area of the car accident(p83). The teams specialist on accident scene reconstruction wont have to seek advice from the teams specialist on forensic research, for example. The members of a team use their individual abilities to arrive at a new cohesive consequence. There is often a team associate working being a facilitator with the process, and not necessarily a particular l eader. Group constructing can virtually take only a few minutes, but team building can consider years. Individual members of a group often be capable of walk far from the group when their particular services or even input turn out to be unnecessary. A workforce members shortage can really hamper the relevant skills of other associates to conduct effectively, its the same not rare for individual members to create an exceptionally strong allegiance to the team overall. An professional military unit including the US Fast SEALS or even the Military Rangers could possibly be considered examples of team constructing at it is best. 3.0 Communication Process Model In Previous Workplace. Within the last decade,this is about my last working place an organizations have progressively shifted towards hiring an increasingly mobile labor force.Findings on the 2010 Cisco Attached Technology World Report, which has been conducted throughout thirteen places, indicate of which employees be ex pecting greater flexibility in their own jobs understanding that over 65% of which rate flexibility to be a more important factor than income. As a result, the volume of companies adopting an increasingly collaborative virtual workspace is usually on this rise, along with the projections signify a growing growth rate as direction.Some great benefits of telecommuting usually are obvious: cheaper travel fees, access to a more diversified experience, greater employee satisfaction, and increased productiveness. However, a single drawback towards surge throughout telecommuting methods is of which it has created additional troubles for virtual teams, and particularly with regard to project managers. 3.1 Effective Communication Within Teams. Listed below are seven recommendations that the actual virtual task manager must implement for more appropriate communication among members of his or her team: I) Establish a Clear Communication Plan II) Account for Informal Discussions III) Be a Master of Technology IV) Conduct Structured Meetings V) Leverage Video When Needed VI) Determine a Range for Time-Zone Differences VII) Use Email Effectively 3.1.1 Establish a Clear Communication Plan. Although this may seem clear, it is probably the most overlooked by simply virtual venture managers. A connection plan really should define the guidelines of engagement and the frequency connected with communication. The plan should also have a repository connected with contact information for all those team people, as effectively as all of the all the particular status bring up to date meetings. Perhaps most significantly, the prepare should contain the project managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s choices in conditions of how he / she would love to be called. For example, according to Extejt(1998) one venture manager may wish to have just about all requests documented through email so that messages can easily be followed, and always be contacted by simply phone p rovided that something urgent comes up(p62).Another venture manager may well prefer to use instant messaging software for all those minor issues and work with email for better requests. Simply by defining upfront what her or his preferences tend to be, the venture manager will begin a more efficient communication flow along with members in the team. 3.1.2 Account for Informal Discussions. In the virtual workforce, the everyday conversations that always occur around cubicle walls in the office or near the water chillier are absent. Such discussions are essential to developing team rapport and cohesiveness and also ultimately building trust plus more successful verbal exchanges within the team; therefore, it is essential for the virtual project manager to replace with this reduction. 3.1.3 Be a Master of Technology. According to Keyton(2002) stated that provided that virtual undertaking managers have to rely generally on technological innovation to get in touch with the ir spread teams, it truly is imperative that they become specialists at utilizing it(p82). Managers should know the features of online relationship software to make sound decisions about effective connection practices. For example, when employing Cisco WebEx Conference Center, the undertaking managers should understand how to share files and programs, pass handle to various other presenters, work with networkbased recording, and permit webcam conferencing. They will also come to be experts at using various other scheduling, undertaking management, information management, and document managing software. Just remember, managers should understand the actual limitations and degrees of integration across the many software programs, mainly on account of overlapping attributes, which can become a tautology and befuddle the staff. 3.1.4 Conduct Structured Meetings. One issue, which can be attributed in order to wasting time and effort in electronic teams, is deficiencies in structure in meetings. According to Mead(1993) stated that it really is counterproductive when a total team attends a meeting that lacks a great objective or even sense connected with facilitation(p161).Ultimately, the excellent virtual getting together with has four attributes: I) First, the meeting needs to have a unique agenda,that will be communicated towards the team in advance of time period. II) Second, the meeting ought to be facilitated because of the project administrator who makes sure that the crew remains for the topic. Its the project managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s job to ensure any off-agenda talks be postponed completely to another meeting. III) Third, the undertaking manager really should capture almost any risks, issues, and action things that come up over the meeting, and designate owners to all of them. IV) Final steps, and the most vital step, is for the project manager to follow along with up on the meeting by having an email which summarizes your meetingà ¢Ã¢â€ š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decisions. 3.1.5 Leverage Video When Needed. In face-to-face meetings, project operators have the advantage of projecting and also reading this facial expression and mannerisms of their audience; nevertheless, in on-line meetings, such non-verbal cues are obviously missing, which simply leaves the challenge manager with a disadvantage inside sensing this teamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s opinions. In vulnerable meetings, while tensions are elevated, the challenge manager need to request the employment of webcam conferencing to help in mitigating the uncomfortable side effects of non-visual conversation. 3.1.6 Determine a Range for Time-Zone Differences. Whenever working together in several countries, it is quite frequent for different associates to are now living in different moment zones. This creates an issue for this project supervisor, who usually needs to include this majority from the team throughout important conferences. Of training course, it just isnt always simple for every workforce member to produce it for you to every assembly, but it is sometimes necessary to possess those à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“all-handsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  conversations when issues appear. According to Johnson Chung(2000) state that the communication plan must define some sort of prime moment range intended for meetings(p238). If the project supervisor, for example, is using the east shoreline of the united states, and several associates live on the west shoreline, then beginning meetings no sooner than 11:00 a.m as being a lower limit adds up. Moreover, if other associates are based in India, next scheduling conferences after 3:00 p.m. might be too later, which shows that the excellent time range of 11:00 a.m for you to 3:00 p.m. can be ideal intended for meetings. Documenting this specific range in a very project schedule helps this project supervisor effectively schedule meetings whenever every workforce member ought to be included in a important talk. 3.1.7 Use Email Effectively. Email is often a double-edged sword. Using the item inefficiently as a tool to control virtual teams could be inundating along with confusing, but putting it on effectively assists facilitate the particular teamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s conversation flow. 4.0 What is a Negotiation. Certo(1992) suggested negotiation is often a valuable skill divorce lawyers Atlanta part in your life. When executed effectively negotiation can generate an outcome that is mutually good for both parties(p24). Negotiation is actually most pleasurable when both parties think they have gained something and when both parties allow us a beneficial working romantic relationship. Since a lot of your negotiations at your workplace and in the home involve people you can be in close contact with for a long period, the longterm advantages of building a mutually respectful relationship are generally as important because short term gains that may result from any provided negotiation. 4.1 Successful And Skillful Negotiation For Teams And Groups. Successful and skilled negotiation requires empathy, excellent listening expertise, and skimp. Although you do not always get what you need just by simply asking, it is usually highly unlikely that youre walking what you need if you dont ask whatsoever. Good discussions skills doesnt just allow you to get what you need, but also allow you to enhance ones professional and personal living. Fottler,Blair,Whitehead,LausSavage (1989) suggested that while the particular examples here pay attention to the workplace, keep planned that discussions skills are generally transferable and everything inside life is usually negotiable(p530). 4.2 Factors For Successful Outcome In Teams And Groups. You will find a large number of environmental factors which is often applied towards conduct connected with negotiations.According to Thiederman(1996) suggest that care needs to be taken in deciding no matter whether to adopt environmental tactics a s they can be very obvious the tactics have been employed(p181). Use these tactics sometimes appears as disrespectful which enables it to have a tremendous and negative influence on the progress of talks. Examples connected with environmental factors add the following: I) Location à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Generally its going to be an advantages to carry out negotiations with home turf using the comfort that derives from familiar environment. Conducting negotiations at your own office space will increase the opportunities to take advantage of other the environmental factors. There can be down sides in talking through your unique place. Especially, there exists better prospect of disorders or maybe intended for critical business friends being mobile phone simply by additional pressing concerns. It usually is more difficult to help depend upon deficiencies in specialist to help acknowledge a certain concession for anyone who is talking in your mind place of work using the TOP DOG in a reg ional place of work. II) Meeting facilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Control on the negotiation position gives control on the primary achieving room as well as over break-out rooms. This will give the major meeting room to become set up prior to a arrival from the other discussion team so that environmental strengths are maximized. By way of example, the readers could be asked to sit quietly of a new table which often faces into glaring windows or which offers a distracting view. Table styles and seating positions also needs to be thought to be. Generally proper seating agreements are considerably better round desk or casual arrangements. It can be very intimidating with the team members from the other celebration to need to sit aside, or near opposition business friends or capable where theyve insufficient workspace space as well as elbow room. Ideally temperatures must be kept a tad too cool to stop sleepiness. Nonetheless, the visitorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s break-out room could possibly be kept at the warmer temperatures to impact the effectiveness of work through break-outs. III) Fatigue à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" In the event the visiting arbitration team get travelled through interstate, they might not be well-rested once they arrive at the meeting and they will suffer through fatigue and loss in concentration through protracted discussions. Sessions in addition to topics could be planned for you to capitalise with this. The sponsor team can easily conduct the actual negotiations in such a way that the actual host team can easily rest through break-out classes whilst the actual visiting team is required to work by using an issue in the break-out period (e. gary. the host associates could possibly rest in addition to eat a meal while the actual visiting staff is focusing on an issue such as re-pricing on an alternative service). While in extended discussions, this might have a compounding impact and weaken the effectiveness of the visiting associates. IV) Time à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Group member who travel from interstate could have flight promises which set a strong closing time for just a negotiation session or which often create the particular unattractive prospect of needing to organise overnight accommodation in the event the negotiations are not finalised. This makes it possible for the coordinator negotiation team to face issues so the time stress is working against the visiting team for the end on the day. By selectively parking more challenging issues, the coordinator team might be able to orchestrate a position where the particular horse trading towards the end of the day produces an optimal outcome for the host discussing team. V) Food drink à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Failure to offer refreshments at proper points in the operation can be considered bad good manners. However, hunger (particularly when put together with fatigue) can reduce the effectiveness of members of a negotiation team. Conversely, an overly large or rich meal also can result in drowsiness, bad concentration in addition to reduced discussion effectiveness. 5.0 Conclusion In conclusion it is sometimes difficult for you to draw the distinction involving a team along with a group. As an example, a group of coworkers could possibly meet on occasion to discuss a worry or produce input over a decision. While such meetings typically have an agenda and therefore a purpose plus some structure, we would not necessarily consider those in attendance like a team. The activity scope along with duration is just too small for you to involve the quantity of coordination connected with resources along with effort of which teamwork requires. In the final analysis negotiation is really a process that could be approached in several ways. At duration, negotiators must be able to keep occasions in perspective and grow as sensible and sincere as situation allows. By thinking about the other side as a partner instead of an adversary and by simply working together , negotiators have a way to craft an answer which is to be beneficial for you to both attributes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effective Communication in Groups and Teams" essay for you Create order

Line Manager Play Crucial Role in the Link Between HRM and Organisational Performance Free Essays

According to CIDP definition, line managers are a manager who are responsible for an employee or work to a higher level of management. Generally, their management responsibilities would include people management, monitoring work process and etc (CIPD, 2010). Clearly, it generally be said that line managers are closest to employees and customers and occupy a key role in the general management job of managing people. We will write a custom essay sample on Line Manager Play Crucial Role in the Link Between HRM and Organisational Performance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Guest and Conway’s study (2004) showed that supervisory leadership was the strongest factor associated to organisation commitment. In other words the relationship between employees and FLMs is important in influencing the employee’s perspectives of the support received. Purcell et al (2007) suggest that the employee’s judgement of their FLM leadership behaviour was directed related, where positive, to higher levels of commitment and to better aspects of job experience. Indeed, Winkler said (ND) that if an employee feels supported by their line manager, they will feel engaged with and committed to their organisation. Consequently, this will improve attendance, reduce staff turnover and ensure that employees are willing to ‘go that extra mil’. Furthermore, in the UK WERS (1998) notes that in the handling of employee relations issues, line managers outnumber employee relations specialists at British workplace. MacNeil (2003) reveals that line managers may play a role in capturing employee’s tacit knowledge, which may be able to be transferred in to specific organisational competencies. For example, Lazenby’s research found that line manager behaviour has a significant impact on employee commitment, which has an impact on customer commitment, which has an impact on business performance (cited Purcell, 2003). In addition, some workers mention line incapability in HR as a significant and specific fact contributing to explaining why they left their old jobs (Taylor, 2002). From these perspectives, it is clear to say that line manager play a vital role in HR practices. However, in practice, there is a question arises as to which tasks they see as their priority and what effects the choices they make have in terms of HRM in general, and an employee well-being in particular. For example, they also get pressure on the productivity. Most importantly, they are normally in the lower layer of the management hierarchy and front managers are unlikely to have formal management education (CIDP, 2010). In other words, they seem to lack the capability to implement HR practices well. As they are given the responsibility for performance review, Latham et al (2007) claim that line manager’s training is seen as more important than choice of rating system. It is clear to say that line manager generally lack the knowledge of assessment method for employees, which may have strong impact on fair performance review. However, although there are some questions about the role of line mangers in the HRM, some studies are quite positive on such questions, and note the role of line in making HR strategies ‘come to life’ (Hutchinson and Purcell 2003, Purcell et al, 2003). Furthermore, in terms of HR line managers play as an important role on the implication of not only performance appraisal but also the process of learning and development. Purcell and Hutchinson (2007) believe that line manager’s leader behaviour is critical because their involvement in LD leads to a wide range of benefits. For example, line manager in the best place to evaluate outcome of learning, both to the individual and the organisation (Wolff, 2007). Moreover, Line manager also be the part of induction training to support newcomer’s settlement. Liden et al (2004) argue that line managers also play a very important for role in socialising employees, not simply by ensuring that they understand the content of the job, but also in bringing them into organisation’s culture and social network in the organisation. How to cite Line Manager Play Crucial Role in the Link Between HRM and Organisational Performance, Papers

Fashion Branding Essay Example For Students

Fashion Branding Essay Dry. Hang Fashion brands in the Market place The Market place of MAC was solely built on the networking and the relationships the previous owners Frank Token, and Frank Angelo had with people in the fashion industry. The owners were tired of seeing makeup products that couldnt sustain the abuse of studio lights so they decided to make a quality makeup company. Frank Token was the idea behind the original project making formulas with his brother-in- law Victor Casual who was also a chemist (Evelyn, 2009). Frank Angelo came along to kind of help with the entrepreneurship aspect of the company, and they hit it off after that. Since both of the franks were already in the makeup, and hair industry they knew a lot of people that they could network their new makeup products too. Like I also mentioned before they were the first cosmetic line to offer a wide range of color lipsticks, most companies were mainly focused on skincare and facial products. MAC cosmetics were originally made for people in the high fashion industry, and were later pushed towards any and everybody in the fashion and keep industry (Evelyn, 2009). In 1986 MAC was styling fashion looks one being the concept of bald brides in Toronto fashion shows (Upgraded). In 1988 Henry Bended in New York was the first department store picking MACs cosmetics , followed by a 1994 campaign of Who is the M. A. C girl starring Our Paul nearly raising $1 million for their M. A. C AIDS fund. All this leads to MACs participation in their first New York fashion week with fashion designer Amateurs (Upgraded). MAC was also featured in one of the biggest fashion magazines Vogue in 1994 for the first time. That first New York fashion week runway then lead to MAC sponsoring over 850 shows, spread across 47 New York fashion week by 2012. By 2007 MACs AIDS fund raised over 236 million dollars with the help of celebrities such as Mary J. Bilge, Ill Kim, Nick Mina], Lady Gaga, and Rick Martin. We love the idea of being able to champion and solidify a strong point of view for the next generation, says an Est ©e Lauder executive. Were a makeup-artist brand, and were inspired by the runway?its very organic. said Esteem Lauder executive (Upgraded). One of MACs biggest introduction of endorsements were led by the likes of Pamela Anderson, Boy George, Debbie Harry, and other big stars in the asss this led to the companys growth in the industry and marketplace (Evelyn,2009).

Average SAT Scores What They Are and What They Mean

Average SAT Scores What They Are and What They Mean SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When they first start tutoring, almost all students ask the same question: what is the average SAT score? The answer varies a bit every year, but for students in the class of 2013, the average SAT score was a 1497. I’ve created a chart by section below. Critical Reading Math Writing 497 513 487 However, the nationwide average doesn’t actuallymatter! What’s actually important is how your score compares to those of the other students applying to the same colleges and scholarships as you. You’ll need a much higher score to apply to very selective schools like Stanford or Princeton,buta 1500 is a totally acceptable score if you want to apply to smaller campuses of big state school systems. Let’s look at what an average SAT score really means and how it affects you. The National Average Doesn’t Matter - Really! Almosttwo million students take the SAT every year, and they go onto all kinds of different schools,fromIvy League universitiesto local community colleges. The national average includes all of these students'scores. But you're not competing against every single high schooler in the same year as you; you’re only competing against the students who are interested in the same schools and programs as you are. Theimportant thing is to have a score the same as or higher than the average among that group, and whether that average is above or below the national onewill depend entirely on the type of schools you’re interested in. How You Stack Up AgainstYour Peers We've established that the national average doesn't really mean much, but maybe you still want to know how you compare to other students in a general sense. In that case, you might want to look athow your SAT scores compare to those of other students like you, i.e. those with similar grades and backgrounds. To get a sense of how you fit in the range, you can look up at the average SAT score for students at your high school or for those with similar GPAs. Keep in mind, though, that when it comes to college applications, these numbers arealmost as irrelevant as the national one. Adorable dogs duking it out over SAT scores. Average SAT Score for Your High School To find the average SAT score for your school, you can try checking with counseling office ofsearching for â€Å"[your school] SAT scores† on the web. The second approach is more likely to work if you live in an area with high SAT adoption. If you live in an ACT mandatory state, it’s probably easier to find your school's ACT scores and convert them to SAT scores. However, remember that most colleges don’t compare you against your classmates. Though this information can be interesting it shouldn’t be a source of stress. Average SAT Score for High Achievers The average SAT scores for honors students are generally muchhigher than those for all US high schoolers. If you’re a top â…“ honor student, the average SAT score is 1810. If you’re a top 1/10 honor student, the average is 2000. If you’re not scoring that highly, don’t panic. Your personal score goal will still depend on the schools you want to apply to, and plentyof great schools admit mostly students withscores below 2000. The Key Number: The Average SAT Score for Your First-Choice College Ultimately, your SAT score is a tool to help you get into college, so what you really need to know is the average ACT score for students admitted to the school you want to attend. Generally speaking, very selective schools generally have average SAT around 2200, moderately selective schools have an average SAT score around 1800, and less selective schools have an average SAT score around 1550. However, you should look up the specific SAT score range for each school you're planning to apply to. To find this information, check the college’s admissions page or search forâ€Å"[college name] SAT score.† The schools usually list a range from the 25th to 75th percentile - you’ll want to shoot for the higher end of the range. Use the worksheet on this page to calculate your exact target score based on all the schools you’re interested in. What's Next? If you haven't reached your score goal just yet, consider checking out some of our SAT prep resources. You can start with the 5 general strategies you must know and then break yourprep down by section with our ultimate guides to reading, writing, and math (coming soon). Or perhaps you'd fare better with the ACT? Usethese guides to decide whether you might prefer to focus on the ACT: the ACT vs. the current SAT and the ACT vs. the new SAT. But what ifyou're already scoring well on the SAT, but are struggling with a low GPA? This guide can help. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Alex Heimbach About the Author Alex is an experienced tutor and writer. Over the past five years, she has worked with almost a hundred students and written about pop culture for a wide range of publications. She graduated with honors from University of Chicago, receiving a BA in English and Anthropology, and then went on to earn an MA at NYU in Cultural Reporting and Criticism. In high school, she was a National Merit Scholar, took 12 AP tests and scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and ACT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Oh My Aching Back Essay examples

Oh My Aching Back Essay examples Oh My Aching Back Essay examples Oh My Aching Back: Low Back Pain in the Adult Population Allyson Pfeil Bond University 22/10/2014 13357540 â€Å"Lower back pain is a major burden to society† that â€Å"many people will experience during their life† (Tulder, Koes & Bombardier, 2002, p.761). In Australia, â€Å"Eighty-percent of Australians experience lower back pain [with] ten-percent [resulting in] disability† (Briggs & Buchbinder, 2009, p.499). With such a high prevalence of low back pain in adults, it is recognized as one of Australia’s â€Å"major health and socioeconomic problems† (Tulder, Koes, & Bombardier, 2002, p.761). This major problem has caught the attention of the National Health Priority Area (NHPA) and they have set up guidelines for Australians on how to manage low back pain. Although â€Å"ninety-five percent of cases [doctors are unable to] pinpoint the cause of the pain,† it is â€Å"not necessary to know the [origin] in order to deal with the pain effectively† (NHMRC, 2003, p.1). Lower back pain (LBP) can be defined as â€Å"pain, muscle tension, or stiffness localized below the costal margin and above the inferior gluteal folds, with or without leg pain.† (Tulder, Koes † becoming the â€Å"second [highest] cause of activity limitation in [the] adult [population]† (Loney meaning that the cause of the symptoms are unknown (Tulder, Koes & Bombardier, 2002, p.762). While lower back pain causes the majority of the Australian adult population physical agony, it causes the Australian government significant financial pain. â€Å"Low back pain is associated with high indirect and direct costs [of] heath care utilization, work absenteeism, and disablement† (Tulder, Koes with an overall cost of† 9.17 billion† (Walker, Muller & Grant, 2003, p.79). â€Å"Ninety-percent of the indirect costs are due to work absenteeism and disablement,† with employers financing â€Å"three to four months of sick leave† (Tulder, Koes & Bombardier, 2002, p.769). This massive amount of money being expended on a preventable health condition represents a â€Å"huge health problem with a significant economic burden† that needs to be addressed promptly and properly, to reduce the enormous suffering and related high costs (Walker, Muller & Grant, 2003, p.79). Predominantly the indirect costs of LBP are work related; therefore the individuals’

The Synergy of Form and Theme in Millays Sonnet Love is Not All Essay

The Synergy of Form and Theme in Millays Sonnet Love is Not All - Essay Example Vincent Millay (1931). This short essay will discuss the synergy that exists between the particular form of sonnet and in theme, in presenting the poet's ideas on love, briefly analyzing the rhyme-scheme, alliterations and other techniques that enhance the lyrical quality of the sonnet. The analyses, it is hoped, will pave the way for a better understanding of the potentiality of the simple Shakespearean sonnet form. Francis Petrarch (1304-74) popularized the sonnet form in Italian, comprising of ten or eleven syllables to a line, with a total of 14 lines divided into two parts, the octet and a the sestet. The first contains one particular idea and the second presents the 'Volta' or the 'turnaround,' and follow the pattern - a b b a a b b a c d c d c d (or c d e c d e) (Spiller 1). Shakespeare modified the structure of his sonnets slightly, into three quatrains of four lines each, and a couplet of two lines in the end, which may contain the Volta. The form is simple and has more scope for exploring various ideas, and this bas bee utilized to the maximum by Millay, in her sonnet. The poem follows the typical rhyme-scheme is a b a b c d c d e f e f g g; for example, the first quatrain, (1-4) drink, of the first line rhymes with sink of the third line, just as rain of the second line rhymes with again of the fourth line. Each quatrain is used to present a

The third generation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The third generation - Essay Example 3G wireless technology is the new version and is the junction of different 2G wireless telecommunications systems into a sole uniform global system which includes up gradation of terrestrial and satellite components in its functioning.3G or the third-generation wireless was used to refer to this age developments in personal & business wireless technology, particularly the mobile communications. 3G or The Third Generation ushers in many benefits with its mobility, broad bandwidth and high speed communication (upwards of 2Mbps).Network operators & telecommunications service providers are busy in implementing this global third generation (3G) wireless standards in order to fulfill the demand of the customers of that mobile company.3G wireless technology represents a shift from voice-centric services to multimedia-oriented like video, voice, data, fax services.Figure shows an integrated design of a 3G cellular and wireless LAN system (Chuah & Zhang). In a wireless network system, we gene rally have a mobile terminal communicating with a base station in a radio access portion. The radio interface usually terminates within the base station in a wireless LAN system and usually terminates in radio network controller in a cellular system. In CDMA/WCDMA technology, the radio network controller combines the radio frames to facilitate the path diversity from different base station to the users. The circuit and packet data from the radio network controller will be segregated and routed to different portions of the core network. Later voices data are transferred to a mobile switching center and as other data get transferred via specialized routers it support the mobility of accessing the internet. The Different Types/Standard of 3G: The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is in charge for standardizing 3G. After trying to establish a single 3G standard, ITU at last permitted a family of five 3G standards, which are part of the 3G structure namely IMT-2000: Three standards based on CDMA, namely CDMA2000, WCDMA, and TDSCDMA. Two standards based on based on TDMA, namely, FDMA/TDMA and TDMA-SC (EDGE). The CDMA standards are the most important 3G standards. 1. WCDMA - Wideband Code Division Multiple Access: It is a technology for wideband digital radio communications of Internet, multimedia, video and other capacity-demanding applications. WCDMA is approved as a standard by the ITU under the name IMT-2000 direct spread. It converts the data into a narrowband digital radio signal first, and then it assigned a marker (spreading code) to distinguish it from the signal of other users. WCDMA uses variable rate techniques in digital processing and it can achieve multi-rate transmissions. 2. CDMA 2000 - Code Division Multiple Access 2000: CDMA was launched in 1995 commercially and it very quickly became one of the world's fastest-growing wireless technologies. While later in 1999, CDMA was selected as a standard for new "third-generation" (3G)

Case Study: Fractured Hand

Case Study: Fractured Hand Introduction The reflective framework chosen for this case study is that of Peters (1991). This framework has been used and favourable evaluated within education (Bell and Gillett, 1996). Peters’ (1991) reflective framework incorporates a guideline called DATA comprising four steps; Describe Analyse Theorize Action The first step is the description of an aspect of practice the clinician wants to change. Identification would be made of the context and the reason the clinician wants to change the practice and their feelings about this. Analysis involves identification of the factors that lead to and the assumptions that support the present approach. This includes analysis of beliefs, rules and motives supporting the present approach (Imel, 1992). Theorizing is the next step which looks at the theories for developing a new approach building on the theories that were identified that were supporting the present approach. The final step is the action putting the new theories (if appropriate) into practice to ensure that such cases continue to be managed appropriately in the future. â€Å"Success of this process would occur only through additional thought and reflection† (Murray, 2006). DATA Description Patient presentation At 11 am a 64 year old lady presented to the Accident and Emergency Department with a painful right wrist following a fall. We shall call her Betty but, in order to protect confidentiality, that was not her real name. She had been brought to the department by car by her husband. Patient assessment History Betty was seen by the triage nurse and subsequent upon waiting her turn was allocated a cubicle. I saw her at 11.20 hours. An understanding of the pathophysiology of fracture is important if important aspects of the patient’s history are not to be missed. Firstly taking an adequate history of the accident, including details of the mechanism of the fall, will help the clinician to decide whether the amount of force applied to the bone would be of the degree that would be expected to cause that particular fracture. Secondly there may be underling osteoporosis leading to fracture with minimal trauma. There may be factors in the history suggestive of osteoporosis e.g. use of systemic steroids (Angeli, 2006) or early menopause without subsequent hormone replacement therapy. A fracture which occurs after only minimal trauma and from a standing height or less, the degree of trauma being that which would not normally be expected to fracture healthy bone, may be what is known as a fragility fracture. This occurs where a bone is weakened by a pathological process , (Majid and Kingsnorth, 1998) such as osteo porosis. In distinction a pathological fracture occurs because of metastatic bone disease. Thirdly not just the mechanism of the fall but the reason for the fall needs to be considered. Betty had slipped on some ice when walking outside to her car. In the absence of such a clear history other factors in the history should be considered; for instance â€Å"funny turns,† visual problems, cerebrovascular accidents, or non accidental injury. It is important to directly enquire about that last aspect. Examination On inspection Betty’s right wrist was swollen. The skin was intact. There was some distortion of the normal contour of the arm typical of a â€Å"dinner folk† deformity. The distal part of the radius was angulated dorsally, the wrist supinated and the hand deviated towards the thumb. On palpation the distal radius was markedly tender. There was no crepitus. Betty was unable to use her right arm at all. The radial and ulnar pulses were readily palpable and there was good capillary refill in the hand. Sensation in the radial, ulnar and median nerve dermatomes was normal as were finger and thumb movements. The preliminary diagnosis of Colles fracture was made with some degree of confidence since the patient was a 64 year old female who had fallen on an outstretched and had classic examination findings of such a common injury. Investigations For a completely confident diagnosis a plain X ray was required. For an X ray of a suspected fractured limb the following are requirements (Majid and Kingsnorth, 1998); The X ray should be in two different planes at right angles. The X ray should involve the joint above and below the suspected fracture site. In this case the wrist and the elbow. Diagnosis X ray examination of Betty’s arm revealed a transverse extra articular fracture of the distal radius within one inch of the wrist joint. The distal radial fragment was displaced dorsally. A Colles fracture could now be diagnosed with confidence. Management Analgesia was given by intra muscular injections of morphine 10 mg and stemetil 12.5 mg. The arm had been temporarily immobilised with a splint and elevated to prevent further injury and swelling prior to the X ray examination. Arrangements were made for prompt reduction of the fracture. The displaced fracture was reduced and manipulated and then immobilised. Betty chose to have a general anaesthetic for this procedure. To disimpact the fracture Betty’s hand was pulled distally whilst her wrist was hyper extended. Once disimpaction had been achieved the wrist was manipulated so that it was flexed with some ulnar deviation and pronation. In this position it was immobilised by a plaster cast which extended from just distal to the elbow to the metacarpophalangeal joints. These joints (and therefore the plaster) were at the site of the transverse skin crease across the palm. When the plaster had been applied Betty could move her elbow joint and her fingers and thumb. A check X ray confirmed the bone ends to be in a satisfactory position. Post operative instruction Betty was advised to wear her right arm in a sling and to move her shoulder, elbow and her fingers and thumb to prevent stiffness in these joints. Complications of immobilisation in fracture are joint stiffness and tissueand especially muscle, atrophy. An important and serious complication is Sudek’s atrophy which probably occurs due to neurological and microvascular compromise. Better was instructed to contact the hospital if her fingers became painful, swollen, cold or discoloured. This could indicate that the plaster was too tight and impeding the circulation. Rarely carpal tunnel syndrome can occur due to pressure on the median nerve at the wrist. Betty was then discharged once she had recovered fully from the anaesthetic and was able to walk around. Betty asked if she could drive and this was allowed following evidence that driving is safe with a right Colles plaster (Blair, 2002). A further review was arranged for one week. Betty was advised th at the fracture would most likely heal in four to six weeks. Once the fracture had healed by six weeks the plaster was removed and physiotherapy was advised. DATA Analysis On analysis of the case presentation it is apparent that the well known clinical features of a fracture were present; Pain Tenderness Swelling Immobility Deformity as were the five classical features of a Colles fracture, often called the â€Å"dinner fork deformity† (GP Notebook, 2006); Dorsal displacement of distal fragment Distal fragment dorsally angulated Hand deviated towards the thumb Wrist joint supinated Proximal impaction The absence of crepitus might be explained by the fact of the fracture being impacted. A fracture of the distal radius is one of the commonest fractures in adults (Majid and Kingsnorth, 1998). The Colles fracture was first described by Collees in 1814 (GP Notebook 2006) and is a transverse fracture across the distal radius within one inch of the wrist joint with dorsal displacement and angulation of the distal part of the radius. Sometimes a Colles fracture is associated with a fracture of the ulnar styloid (GP Notebook, 2006) and this must be sought on X ray. A Galeazzi fracture (GP Notebook, 2006) is a distal radial fracture associated with a dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint and is important to diagnose (also by means of an X ray) since it requires open fixation to promote adequate healing. Another injury also caused by a fall on the outstretched hand and which it is important not to miss is a fractured scaphoid (Hodgkinson, 1994). This is clinically characterised by tenderness in the â€Å"anatomical snuff box† which is that area on the back of the hand found by hyperextension of the thumb. If present this fracture mandates appropriate immobilisation to reduce the risk of subsequent disabling avascular necrosis. Other injuries can occur following a fall on the outstretched hand, such as fractures to the clavicle, humerus and other parts of the radius hence the need for the wide area of vi ew on X ray examination. Although the presentation was a typical one there was not a mechanism in place to arrange suitable follow up for Betty to see if measures were necessary to protect her from subsequent osteporotic hip fracture. This problem is not an uncommon one in accident and emergency departments as found by a systematic review of 35 studies showing that those individuals with fragility fractures seldom received investigation or treatment of osteoporosis (Giangregorio, 2006). The writer feels that such action would be important since Colless fracture is common and hip fracture a devasting condition. The writer feels that quite simple steps could be put in place to arrange appropriate follow up. An analysis of why Colles fractures are commoner in women than in men needs to consider the full picture. For instance initially it might be assumed that because postmenopausal women are lacking in oestrogen and therefore predisposed to osteoporosis that is the only reason. However research has shown that women have more falls than men and they are more likely, when they fall, to fall forwards onto the outstretched hand (O’Neill, 1994). There is an assumption that the risk assessment for likelihood of subsequent hip fracture will be dealt by someone else. The accident and emergency department does need to concentrate on the acute problem. However hip fracture will necessitate subsequent accident and emergency department involvement. Preventative measures may be a neglected but important aspect of the accident and emergency role despite resources being an ever restraining factor. DATA Theorizing Fracture healing is affected by general and local factors (Majid and Kingsnorth, 1998). The general factors include the patient’s age, wellbeing, nutritional and endocrinological state. With regard to the local factors a compound fracture (i.e. a fracture which involves breach of the overlying skin) incorporates a risk of infection which will prejudice healing. Local factors affecting healing include the site of the fracture, proximity of bone ends and adequacy of blood supply. The pathophysiology of fracture healing consists of three stages (Majid and Kingsnorth, 1998); Inflammatory phase Repair phase Remodelling phase In the inflammatory phase haematoma contains osteoclasts which remove dead bone. Over two weeks granulation tissue forms which contains osteoblasts which form new bone. In the reparative phase the granulation tissue becomes fibrocartilagenous callus. The callus gradually turns into bone during the consolidation phase. Remodelling occurs as the bone adapts under the influence of the stresses placed upon it. Delayed union occurs when healing requires an excessive duration and non union when there is a failure to heal. Factors associated with poor union include a poor blood supply or displaced bone ends. Treatment is aimed at reducing this risk by optimising the position of the fragments and immobilising them. To develop a new approach to the prophylaxis of hip fracture will require multidisciplinary agreement with the formulation of guideline for information giving to both patient and general practitioner. Ideally an appointment would be generated for the bone mineral density scanning and reporting and advising. A mechanism of patient information will be required in parallel. DATA Actions proposed Treatment plan The aims of the proposed action were to achieve; Healing of the bone, and Preservation of function of the arm and wrist joint. There was more than minimal displacement of the fractured bone therefore manipulation was required. During manipulation it was important to pull the hand in order to disimpact the fracture. Manipulation then involved a reversal of the position that was present making up the dinner fork deformity. Management If the fracture is displaced this may, if left untreated, lead to breach of the overlying skin and convert a closed fracture to an open one with the subsequent increased infection risk. An unreduced displaced fracture may compromise the blood supply distally. Correctly to lessen these risks Betty’s fracture was reduced promptly. The treatment consisted of (GP Note book, 2006); Disimpaction Manipulation Immobilisation Rehabilitation in order to preserve function The aim of immobilisation was to allow the fracture to heal without movement of the bone ends but to facilitate as much movement of the unaffected joints as possible. An understanding of the pathophysiology of fracture helps to determine what the risk is for subsequent fracture. If this risk is high it will be advantageous to give some prophylactic treatment to lessen this risk. The fractures with greater morbidity are hip fractures and vertebral fractures and a radial fracture may be an â€Å"early warning† sign of an unacceptable risk of fracture with a more serious consequence. Bone mineral density measurements may be indicated in the near future. If this is outside the normal range and taken in conjunction with the present fracture there may be a need to consider prophylactic measures against osteoporosis and further fracture. A Colles fracture is associated with subsequent hip fracture but the association is greater in men than in women according to a metanalysis (Haentjens, 2003). Nonetheless it may be prudent to advise Betty to check with her general practitioner whether she now falls into the category of the local guideline for measuring bone mineral density. Woman with a Colles fracture within ten years of the menopause had an eight fold increase incidence of hip fracture compared with the rest of the population but the increased risk diminished by age 70 in a study by Wigderowitz (2000). In this study bone mineral density was lower in women who had a Colles fracture that in the general population but after age 66 there was no significant difference. The paper concluded women of 65 and under presenting with a Colles fracture should undergo bone mineral density testing. Bone mineral density checking though not an exact predictor of subsequent fracture is a worthwhile measurement in diagnosing osteoporo sis (Small, 2005). Treatments are available and might be considered if osteoporosis is confirmed (McCarus, 2006). Guidelines are also available (SIGN, 2003). Oestrogen does protect bone from osteoporosis but is no longer recommended as first line prophylaxis in view of recent studies showing concern about the association with cardiovascular adverse events (Sicat, 2004). Other options include raloxifene, a selective oestrogen receptor modulator which reduces spinal but not hip fractures and biphsophonates e.g. alendronate which does reduce hip fracture incidence (British National Formulary, 2006). Action on prophylaxis would likely most easily and consistently be arranged via computerisation of letter of appointment and information to the patient following discharge. This would necessitate no increased time or resources within the department but would cover all at risk patients. References Angeli A Guglielmi G Dovio A et al 2006 High prevalence of asymptomatic vertebral fractures in post-menopausal women receiving chronic glucocorticoid therapy: A cross-sectional outpatient study. Bone. 39(2) 253-9 Bell M and Gillett M 1996 Developing reflective practice in the education of university teachers. Different Approaches: Theory and Practice in Higher Education. Proceedings HERDSA Conference 1996. Perth, Western Australia, 8-12 July. http://www.herdsa.org.au/confs/1996/bell.html Accessed 23 June 2006 Blair S Chaudhri O Gregori A 2002 Doctor, can I drive with this plaster? An evidence based response. Injury. 33(1) 55-6. British National Formulary. 2006 British Medical Association London. Giangregorio L Papaioannou A Cranney A et al 2006 Fragility fractures and the osteoporosis care gap: an international phenomenon. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 35(5) 293-305 GP Notebook http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/cache/1584070660.htm accessed 23 June 2006. Accessed 23 June 2006 Haentjens P Autier P Collins J et al 2003 Colles fracture, spine fracture, and subsequent risk of hip fracture in men and women. A meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 85-A(10):1936-43 Hodgkinson DW Kurdy N Nicholson DA et al 1994 ABC of Emergency Radiology: the wrist BMJ 308:464-468 Imel S 1992 Reflective Practice in Adult Education. ERIC Digest No. 122 ED346319 http://www.ericdigests.org/1992-3/adult.htm accessed on 23 June 2006 Majid and Kingsnorth 1998 Fundamentals of surgical practice. Greenwich Medical Media. London McCarus DC 2006 Fracture prevention in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a review of treatment options. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 61(1) 39-50 Murray B Lafrenz LU 2006 The Role of Reflective Practice in Integrating Creativity in a Fashion Design Curriculum http://mountainrise.wcu.edu/archive/vol3no1/html/murraylafrenz.htm accessed 23 June 2006 Netdoctor http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/osteoporosistreatment.htm Accessed 23 June 2006 ONeill TW Varlow J Silman AJ et al 1994 Age and sex influences on fall characteristics. Ann Rheum Dis 53(11):773-5 Peters JM Jarvis P et al 1991 Adult education: Evolution and achievements in a developing field of study. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Quoted by Bell and Gillett 1996 Peters JM 1991 Strategies for Reflective Practice. In R. G. Brockett (Ed), Professional Development for Educators of Adults. San Fransisco: Jossey Bass. Quoted by Bell and Gillett 1996 Sicat BL 2004 Should postmenopausal hormone therapy be used to prevent osteoporosis? Consult Pharm. 19(8) 725-35 SIGN 2003 Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network 71 management of osteoporsis. Small RE 2005 Uses and limitations of bone mineral density measurements in the management of osteoporosis. MedGenMed. 2005 May 9;7(2) 3 Wigderowitz CA Rowley DI Mole PA et al 2000 Bone mineral density of the radius in patients with Colles fracture. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (British) 82B 87-9 1

Complaint handling Essay

Fair Trading Factsheet Complaints handling November 2007 Need more information? Call Consumer Affairs Victoria on 1300 55 81 81. Quick tip Successful businesses work hard to keep their customers  satisfied. Although prevention is better than cure, it is almost inevitable that at some stage you will receive a customer  complaint. Don’t presume a customer complaint is a negative  experience because, if handled well, it can be a valuable learning tool. An effective complaints  handling system needs  someone in the company to  drive it and take ultimate  responsibility. Benefits for your business How to do it An effective complaints handling system is essential to your business. Your business can benefit in several ways: Handle complaints effectively by: †¢ improved product quality and service delivery †¢ fewer mistakes and less time spent  fixing them †¢ better understanding of customers’  needs †¢ greater customer loyalty †¢ more customers through word of mouth advertising from satisfied clients †¢ having a policy of welcoming customer complaints †¢ setting up a system to handle complaints effectively †¢ training your staff to handle complaints well †¢ dealing with the complaints you receive immediately †¢ ensuring the process for making  complaints is easy for your customers †¢ regularly reviewing your  complaints record. †¢ less time and money spent  attracting customers †¢ improved business reputation †¢ a healthier bottom line. Remember you could be pushing  profits out of the door if you do not  have an effective complaints handling  system. Page 1 of 4  © Copyright State of Victoria 2008 www.consumer.vic.gov.au 1300 55 81 81 Fair Trading Factsheet Quick tip Implement a company policy  that contact is to be made  with the customer within  48 hours of the initial complaint. Set up a system to handle  complaints effectively Train your staff to handle  complaints constructively An effective complaints handling  system needs someone in the  company to drive it and take ultimate  responsibility. This is a person who  has the best interest of both the  customer and the company at heart,  and the interpersonal and managerial  skills to ensure the system is  performing well. Make sure all staff understand the complaints handling policy, why it was introduced, how it will work and the benefits for your business. The complaints officer needs to ensure that: †¢ there is adequate information available to the public about how to address any problems with your business, especially at the point of sale †¢ front line staff are aware of: †¢ the complaints handling policy Encourage and reward your staff for dealing with disgruntled customers and handling their complaints well. Deal with the complaints  you receive immediately  Implement a company policy that  contact is to be made with the  customer within 48 hours of the initial  complaint. This will ensure that the  customer knows the complaint is  being processed. Although the issue  may not be resolved, the customer  will be aware that it is being  addressed. †¢ their authority to settle  complaints †¢ when and to whom they  need to refer complaints †¢ there is a process to handle the  more difficult and complex cases †¢ complaints are reviewed regularly  to identify any ongoing issues †¢ reports are made to senior  management about complaints. Page 2 of 4  © Copyright State of Victoria 2008 www.consumer.vic.gov.au 1300 55 81 81 Fair Trading Factsheet Date of Issue: November 2007 Ensure the process for  making complaints is easy  for your customers Some suggestions are: †¢ Have a desk within your store  where people can take their  enquiries or complaints. †¢ Arrange a dedicated phone line  for complaints or problems. †¢ Consider using a simple sign at  your point of sale, or a paragraph  on company invoices, such as  Ã¢â‚¬ËœYour custom is important to us. If you are not satisfied, please let us know’. †¢ Include a customer feedback  option on your website. Review your complaints regularly Regular reviews of complaints will give you a good indication of how and where your business could improve. †¢ Use a standard form to record the details of complaints (see following page for example). †¢ Review complaints monthly or quarterly to establish whether there are any trends, or obvious things you could change or improve. †¢ Use complaint records to check how well and how quickly your staff handle complaints. More information Information on fair trading is  available from: Consumer Affairs Victoria Victorian Consumer & Business Centre 113 Exhibition Street Melbourne 3000 Telephone 1300 55 81 81 Website www.consumer.vic.gov.au Regional Offices Consumer Affairs Victoria also has regional offices located in Ballarat, Bendigo, Geelong, Morwell, Mildura, Wangaratta and Warrnambool together with a mobile outreach service that regularly visits rural communities. To find details on the office or mobile service nearest you, ring 1300 55 81 81 or go to the Consumer Affairs Victoria website on www.consumer.vic.gov.au and click on the Contact Us link. Because this publication avoids the use of legal language, information about the law may have been summarised or expressed in general statements. This information should not be relied upon as a substitute for professional legal advice or reference to the actual legislation. Authorised by the Victorian Government 121 Exhibition Street Melbourne Victoria 3000. F1-01-02 Page 4 of 4  © Copyright State of Victoria 2008 www.consumer.vic.gov.au 1300 55 81 81 Customer Complaint Form 1. Customer details Title (Mr, Mrs, etc) Family name (surname) Given names Street address Suburb Home telephone number Business telephone number Postcode Mobile telephone number Email address (if applicable) 2. Details of other person or supplier involved in this complaint Name Street address Suburb Home telephone number Business telephone number Postcode Mobile telephone number Email address (if applicable) 3. Details of goods or services supplied to the customer Date of purchase or service / / Description of the goods or service including make, model, type of service, purchase method, etc. 4. Details of what the customer complaint is Office use only Complaint received by Date received / Action taken or required Date action completed / / Signature In person / In writing

Relevance of Sociology for the study of Law Essay

If societies are based upon agreed upon laws, then they are very much interrelated subjects. They are symbiotic, interwoven, interconnected. When someone commits a crime against another person or their property, they will have to face the consequences in a court of law. Or reduce it to a smaller group such as a tribe. Even amongst members of a tribe, there are laws that may only be verbal, or perhaps not even as formal as that. They are followed because children see them in the form of examples as they grow up. Within each tribe, culture or society, some form of punishment is enforced when a cultural norm is broken. Law can be analyzed sociologically as a method of doing something. Law can be studied as a social process, instrumented by individuals during social interaction. Sociologically, law consists of the behaviors, situations, and conditions for making, interpreting and applying legal rules that are backed by the state’s legitimate coercive apparatus for enforcement. The sociology of law (or legal sociology) is often described as a sub-discipline of sociology or an interdisciplinary approach within legal studies. While some socio-legal scholars see the sociology of law as â€Å"necessarily† belonging to the discipline of sociology, others see it as a field of research caught up in the disciplinary tensions and competitions between the two established disciplines of law and sociology. Yet, others regard it neither as a sub-discipline of sociology nor as a branch of legal studies and, instead, present it as a field of research on its own right within a broader social science tradition. For example, Roger Cotterrell describes the sociology of law without reference to mainstream sociology as â€Å"the systematic, theoretically grounded, empirical study of law as a set of social practices or as an aspect or field of social experience†. The sociology of law became clearly established as an academic field of learning and empirical research after the Second World War. After World War II, the study of law was not central in sociology, although some well-known sociologists did write about the role of law in society. In the work of the Talcott Parsons, for instance, law is conceived as an essential mechanism of social control. In response to the criticisms that were developed against functionalism, other sociological perspectives of law emerged. 1. Critical sociologists developed a perspective of law as an instrument of power. 2. However, other theorists in the sociology of law, such as  Philip Selznick, argued that modern law became increasingly responsive to a society’s needs and had to be approached morally as well. 3. Still other scholars, most notably the American sociologist Donald Black, developed a resolutely scientific theory of law on the basis of a paradigm of pure sociology. 4. Equally broad in orientation, but again different, is the autopoietic systems theory of the German sociologist Niklas Luhmann, who sees law as normatively closed, but cognitively open system. The essential insight underlying all sociological approaches to law is that law is a social phenomenon that should, therefore, be studied sociologically. Beyond this core unifying orientation, sociology and law, otherwise known as the sociology of law, or law and sociology, consists of a variety of different approaches, assumptions, and attitudes. This internal proliferation of approaches is the product of diversity at two different levels. 1. First: sociology and law are contrasting bodies of knowledge. Sociology is a social science focused on the study of society, and like all such disciplines its overarching goal is the gathering of knowledge. Law, in contrast, is a practical activity that focuses on completing certain fundamental tasks, including promulgating and enforcing rules, responding to disputes, and maintaining order. 2. Second: each of these contributing bodies of knowledge is in its own way internally driven, with sociology divided among various competing schools of thought and law divided among practitioners and theorists (adhering to competing schools of thought). When sociology and law are brought together, the differences between them, and the internal divisions that characterize each, are manifested in the combination of the two. In the United States, the primary academic influences in bringing sociology to law were philosophical pragmatism, sociological jurisprudence, and legal realism; the key figures were Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., Roscoe Pound, and Karl Llewellyn. These schools of thought and figures were leaders in the critique of formalistic approaches to the law that dominated at the end of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Under formalist views, law was a gapless, logically coherent self-contained system that could be discovered and applied exclusively through cons ideration of legal concepts, principles, and rules, without regard to social context or consequences. The figures identified above argued, to the contrary, that law was the product of social forces, that it was neither gapless nor  systematic, that one could not move mechanistically from principle to application (choices had to be made), and that judges were influenced by the social background in their interpretation and application of law. Most important: they argued that law, far from being autonomous and self-standing, was above all else an instrument to serve social needs. An important social-political influence on their thought was the social programs of the New Deal, which resorted to law as the key mechanism for implementing social policy. It follows this cluster of views that the efficacy of law, and its social consequences, must be carefully evaluated. Hence the call for the application of sociology to law. The early agenda for sociology ranged from studying the gap between â€Å"law in the books† and â€Å"law in action,† to discovering the social influences on the making, the application, and the interpretation of law, to learning whether law is effective in achieving social policy, and how it can be made more effective when it is not. Many sociological studies of law, from the study of crime to influences on judicial decision-making, were conducted to meet this call. Under the influence of sociologist E. A. Ross, law came to be understood as a mechanism of social control, and the thrust of many studies was to make law more efficient and effective in accomplishing this task. A backlash against this jurisprudence-dominated agenda gradually developed from the sociological standpoint, which decried the instrumental use of sociology as a â€Å"handmaiden to law.† As the science of society, the application of sociology to law, it has been argued, should take place in the context of general theories about society, with proper attention paid to epistemological and methodological concerns. The classical sociological theories about law—famously including 1. Émile Durkheim’s view of law as the essential element integrating modern society, 2. Max Weber’s ideal-type analysis of the kinds of law found relative to kinds of societies, and 3. Karl Marx’s characterization of law as determined by economic forces, serving the dominant class all possessed these qualities. 4. A modern sociological theory of this type of law is Donald Black’s view, which assumes a positivistic stance of measuring law in quantitative terms, and articulates a series of â€Å"laws† of legal behavior based upon patterns he observes relating to factors like degree of social stratification. A different current source of criticism of the  jurisprudence-influenced approach to sociology and law comes from critical schools of sociolegal theory, including â€Å"critical empiricists† and â€Å"post-empiricists,† which reject positivism and many of the epistemological underpinnings of classical sociology (including the fact/value distinction). Adherents criticize sociology and law as currently practiced as a conservative tool that serves to preserve the status quo by enhancing the efficiency of law and by failing to scrutinize and reveal the institutional structures and ideological beliefs about law circulating in society which perpetuate (class-based, gender-based, and/or race-based) oppression and domination. Sociological approaches to law, according to this view, must reject the agenda set by jurisprudence, and instead seek to expose all forms of domination perpetuated through law. Sociology and law thus encompasses divergent perspectives on law. Despite significant internal schisms, a growing community of scholars and body of discourse has developed around the combination of sociology and law, united by the shared commitment to view law as a social phenomenon that must be examined in sociological terms. Functions of law * Social control * Dispute resolution * Social change Social control: There are two basic processes of social control: 1. the internalization of group norms and 2. control through external pressures. In Chtonic societies, social control is ensured by the fact that socializing experiences are very much the same for all members. Even in larger societies, social control rests largely on the internalization of shared norms. Formal social control is characterized by: (i) explicit rules of conduct, (ii) planned use of sanctions to support the rules, and (iii) designated officials to interpret and enforce the rules, and often to make them. Law does not have a monopoly on formal mechanisms of social control. Control through law is usually exercised by the use of negative sanctions and not by positive rewards. A person that obeys the law does not receive an award. Mechanisms of social control through law: (i) Criminal sanctions, (ii) civil commitment, and (iii) administrative licenses. Criminal sanctions: the purpose of sanctions: Retribution (denounce unlawful conduct) Deterrence (both specific and general), Rehabilitation of the offender. Civil commitment: medicalization of social problems, such as drug abuse, alcoholism, etc. Administrative law: administrative regulations is used as a means of social control. Dispute resolution: Types: By the parties themselves: physical violence, family feud, lumping it, avoidance, etc. By adjudication: ADR: negotiation (without the help of any third party), mediation (third party helps disputants), and arbitration (third party makes a final and binding decision, which is enforceable). Hybrid resolution processes: rent a judge (like arbitration, but with a retired judge), med-arb (issues not solved by mediation are sent to arbitration where the mediator becomes arbiter), and mini trial (if there is no settlement before the â€Å"sentence† the adviser gives her opinion about the likely outcome if the dispute were litigated). Adjudication: a formal method of conflict resolution, where a third party –the courts- intervenes –even if not wanted by the parties- and renders a decision which is enforceable. Social change Law is both a dependent and an independent variable, i.e., an effect and a cause of social change. The question is not whether law changes society or whether social change alters law, but rather, what level or under what circumstances change is produced. Examples of social changes as causes of legal changes: Soviet Union, China, and other radical revolutions. Examples of legal changes as causes of social changes: adultery, sexual assault, etc. Problems of interaction between sociologists and lawyers Sociologists study everything about the law, except for rules –institutional structures, processes, behavior, personnel, and culture. Lawyers and sociologists don’t speak the same language. There is a special rethoric of law. It has its own vocabulary, an arcane writing style, and a form of irritating citation. There are also differences in professional culture. Lawyers are advocates. They are concerned with the identification and resolution of the problems of their clients. Sociologists consider all evidence on a proposition and approach the problem with an open mind. Lawyers are guided by precedents and past decisions control current cases. In contrast, sociologists emphasize empirical research. Lawyers and law professors tend to believe that they have a monopoly over law. This is as if physicians thought that they had a monopoly over the bodies. The pronouncements of law are predominantly prescriptive: they tell people how they should behave and what will happen to them if they don’t. In sociology, the emphasis is on description, on understanding the reasons why certain groups of people act in a certain way in specific situations. The law reacts to problems most of the time. The issues and conflicts are brought to lawyers by their clients outside the legal system. In sociology, issues and concerns are generated within the discipline on the basis of what is considered intellectually challenging, timely, or of interest to funding agencies. These differences are due in part to the different methods they use.